Altman Z-Score

What is Z-Score?

A formula predicting the probability of a company going bankrupt within two years.

Think of it like this

Like a financial health check-up that predicts if a company might 'get sick' (go bankrupt) soon.

Formula

Z = 1.2A + 1.4B + 3.3C + 0.6D + 1.0E
  • A: Working Capital/Assets: Liquidity relative to size
  • B: Retained Earnings/Assets: Cumulative profitability
  • C: EBIT/Assets: Operating profitability
  • D: Market Cap/Liabilities: Market confidence vs debt

Why it matters

  • Developed by NYU professor Edward Altman in 1968
  • Accurately predicted 80-90% of bankruptcies
  • Quick assessment of financial distress risk
  • Used by creditors and investors worldwide

What's a good value?

> 2.99
Safe Zone
Low bankruptcy risk
1.81-2.99
Grey Zone
Some risk, needs monitoring
< 1.81
Distress Zone
High bankruptcy probability
< 0
Critical
Severe financial distress

Real-world example

Enron's Z-Score was in the distress zone for years before its collapse.

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